How Tags Work

What is a tag or radio transmitter?

When most people use the word “tag” usually they’re talking about a clothing label or a sticker on a banana, but more generally it’s a type of marker which identifies the item in some way. This is no different from the way we use the word except in this instance we are using a radio transmitter as a marker. A radio transmitter is an electronic device which sends information through radio waves, similar to radio stations used to broadcast music to your car. The radio transmitters used in the Motus Wildlife Tracking Network are specially designed to be as small and lightweight as possible, allowing scientists to attach them to small animals without harming them. The signal transmitted by these transmitters, or “tags”, contains a special code which uniquely identifies the device. This signal is picked up by radio receiver stations which are placed in strategic locations across the globe. To Learn more about these receiver stations, click here.

What types of tags are there?

There are two main types of signals transmitted by radio tags used in the Motus Wildlife Tracking Network.

• Lotek Radio Tags use On-off Keying (OOK) to encode the tag ID within the signal. Read more.

• CTT Radio Tags use Frequency-shift Keying (FSK) to encode the tag ID within the signal. Read more.

Lotek Radio Tags

To encode a unique ID, Lotek radio tags transmit a series of 4 pulses at a single frequency (166.380 MHz in the Americas; other regions differ).

Tag Pulses

A tag pulse consists of a single, 20 millisecond (ms) long radio transmission sent by the tag. Individual pulses are the raw data that SensorGnome receivers record.

Pulse Intervals and Bursts

A pulse interval is the time between two successive pulses. It is measured in milliseconds (ms). Tags emit four pulses at a time, together making a burst. The pulse interval is what we use to encode the Lotek Tag ID. This is measured to a high level of precision, allowing for just 1.5 ms of variation summed across all pulse intervals in a burst.

Note: these pulse intervals do not reflect properties of real tags are intended for demonstration purposes only.

Burst Intervals

A burst interval is the timing between successive bursts. It is measured in seconds.

The burst interval and Lotek Tag ID combined are used to encode the Motus Tag ID. To avoid ambiguous detections, burst intervals cannot be integer multiples of one another. Therefore, all burst intervals must be prime factors. Keep in mind there must be two successive bursts to measure the burst interval and associate a Motus Tag ID, but some bursts can be skipped. Bursts are measured to a high level of precision, allowing for just 4 ms of ‘slop’.

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CTT Radio Tags

To encode a unique ID, CTT radio tags transmit a signal that oscillates between two frequencies, 434 MHz and 433 MHz, to encode digital 1's and 0's. A total of 32 bits can be encoded in a single transmission, making it theoretically possible to encode over 4 billion unique IDs. A plot of this signal over time looks like a sine wave that flips between two different frequencies, like in the image below.